Esophageal cancer is a serious and often life-threatening condition that begins in the esophagus. The esophagus is a long and muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. The condition can occur anywhere along the esophagus and often goes unnoticed in its early stages. To better understand esophageal cancer, here is a brief guide to its various aspects, including its types, early signs and symptoms, causes, treatment options, and remedies.

Types of esophageal cancer
Based on the type of cells they affect, there are two types of esophageal cancer.

Squamous cell carcinoma
This form of cancer typically originates in the squamous cells lining the upper part of the esophagus.

Adenocarcinoma
This cancer typically develops from the glandular cells in the lower part of the esophagus, near the stomach. In recent years, adenocarcinoma has become the predominant type of esophageal cancer in the country.

Signs and symptoms of esophageal cancer
Recognizing the signs and symptoms of esophageal cancer is crucial for its early detection and increasing the chances of a successful treatment. A few common signs and symptoms of the condition include the following:

Dysphagia
Dysphagia refers to difficulty in swallowing. Since the esophagus is responsible for moving food from the throat to the stomach, this is one of the earliest and most common symptoms of esophageal cancer. This symptom can worsen over time, making eating and drinking increasingly challenging. It may even cause one to choke on food.

Odynophagia
Odynophagia refers to feeling pain or discomfort (in the throat) in swallowing, which can accompany dysphagia. Sometimes, this pain or discomfort in swallowing may also extend to the chest or back.

Persistent chest pain
Some individuals may feel pain or pressure in their chest, which can increase at the time of swallowing food.

Chronic coughing
A persistent, dry cough can also be a sign of esophageal cancer. It can also be accompanied by hoarseness in voice.

Heartburn
Besides pain in the chest, one may also experience heartburn sensations similar to that of acid reflux.

Vomiting and regurgitation
Vomiting or regurgitating food or liquid due to it getting stuck in the esophagus is also a concerning sign of esophageal cancer.

It is crucial to remember that these symptoms can be attributed to various other health conditions. If one notices any of these signs, they must consult a doctor for a thorough evaluation.

Causes and risk factors of esophageal cancer
While the causes of esophageal cancer are not clear, there are certain risk factors associated with it. Recognizing these risk factors is vital for the prevention of the condition and early intervention. Here are a few common risk factors associated with esophageal cancer.

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Chronic acid reflux, commonly known as GERD, can result in the frequent backflow of stomach acid into the lower part of the esophagus. This persistent exposure to acid can cause irritation, inflammation, and, over time, the development of cancer in the lining of the esophagus.

Barrett’s esophagus
Barrett’s esophagus is a condition in which the cells lining the lower esophagus change due to chronic exposure to stomach acid. When the cells undergo a lot of change, they can develop into cancer. This condition is caused due to GERD.

Genetics
A family history of esophageal cancer can raise an individual’s risk of sustaining the condition.

Achalasia
Achalasia is a rare condition that affects the esophagus’ ability to move food and liquid toward the stomach. This condition can lead to the buildup of food and liquids in the esophagus, potentially increasing the risk of cancer.

Exposure to environmental toxins
Prolonged exposure to environmental toxins may also increase the risk of developing esophageal cancer.

Radiation therapy
If one has previously undergone chest or upper abdominal radiation therapy, often used to treat other cancers, they may be at risk of developing esophageal cancer. Some other common risk factors include obesity, low consumption of fruits and vegetables, and habitually consuming very hot liquids.

Treatment options for esophageal cancer
The treatment options for esophageal cancer may depend upon its stage. The options usually include the following:

Surgery
It may involve removing a portion of the esophagus or the entire esophagus. The surgeon then may reconstruct the digestive tract using the stomach or part of the intestine.

Radiation therapy
In this process, high-energy rays are used to target and destroy cancer cells. Besides these, the treatment options may also include chemotherapy, endoscopic laser therapy, and targeted therapy, among others.

Remedies
While there are no specific remedies to cure esophageal cancer, some lifestyle changes that can help lower the risk of developing it. These include the following:

Consuming balanced meals, including fruits and vegetables.
Managing GERD with the help of a healthcare professional.
Exercising regularly